1. Sodium and Magnesium
What is sodium ?
Sodium is an essential mineral for the human body. The most common form
of sodium is table salt (sodium chloride). As an added ingredient to
most foods - used for curing meat, masking off-flavors, retaining
moisture, and enhancing flavors - sodium is typically over-consumed in
very high amounts in modern society. Most of the sodium Americans
consume comes from processed food rather than salt added while cooking.
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal,
being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single
electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a
positively charged atom—the Na+ cation. Its only stable isotope is 23Na. The free metal does not occur in nature, but must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite and rock salt (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached by the action of water from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the most common dissolved elements by weight in the oceans.
Sodium reacts quickly with water, and also with snow and ice, to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. When it’s exposed to air, metallic sodium recently cut looses its silvery appearance and acquires an opaque grey colour due to the formation of a sodium oxide coating. Sodium doesn’t react with nitrogen, not even at very high temperatures, but it can react with ammonia to form sodium amide. Sodium and hydrogen react above 200ºC (390ºF) to form sodium hydride. Sodium hardly reacts with carbon, but it does react with halogens. It also reacts with various metallic halides to form the metal and sodium chloride. Sodium doesn’t react with paraffinic hydrocarbons, but it forms addition compounds with naphthalene and other aromatic polycyclic compounds and with aryl alkenes. The reaction of sodium with alcohols is similar to the reaction of sodium with water, but slower. There are two general reactions with organic halides. One of them requires the condensation of two organic compounds, which form halogens when those are eliminated. The second type of reaction includes the replacement of halogen by sodium, to obtain a sodium organic compound.
What is Magnesium ?
Magnesium is a mineral that is important for normal bone structure in the body. People get magnesium from their diet, but sometimes magnesium supplements are needed if magnesium levels are too low. Dietary intake of magnesium may be low, particularly among women. Magnesium deficiency is also not uncommon among African Americans and the elderly. Low magnesium levels in the body have been linked to diseases such as osteoporosis, high blood pressure, clogged arteries, hereditary heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to
the other five elements in the second column (Group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all Group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure.
Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe. It is produced in large, aging stars from the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus. When such stars explode as supernovas, much of the magnesium is expelled into the interstellar medium where it may recycle into new star systems. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and the fourth most common element in the Earth (after iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle. It is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater, after sodium and chlorine.
Magnesium occurs naturally only in combination with other elements, where it invariably has a +2 oxidation state.
The free element (metal) can be produced artificially, and is highly
reactive (though in the atmosphere, it is soon coated in a thin layer of
oxide that partly inhibits reactivity — see passivation). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant-white light. The metal is now obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine, and is used primarily as a component in aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called magnalium or magnelium. Magnesium is less dense than aluminium, and the alloy is prized for its combination of lightness and strength.
2. Gold and Copper
What is Gold?
Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides).
Gold's atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher numbered,
naturally occurring elements. It is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars, and to have been present in the dust from which the Solar System formed. Because the Earth was molten when it was formed, almost all of the gold present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core. Therefore, most of the gold that is present today in the Earth's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth later, by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment, about 4 billion years ago.
Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects, giving rise to the term acid test. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction.
What is Copper?
Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.
A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color.
Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building
material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.
Copper is one of the few metals that occur in nature in directly
usable metallic form as opposed to needing extraction from an ore. This
led to very early human use, from c. 8000 BC. It was the first metal to
be smelted from its ore, c. 5000 BC, the first metal to be cast into a
shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC and the first metal to be purposefully
alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. 3500 BC.
In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal, from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. The commonly encountered compounds are copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as azurite, malachite, and turquoise,
and have been used widely and historically as pigments. Copper used in
buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green verdigris (or patina). Copper is sometimes used in decorative art, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as bacteriostatic agents, fungicides, and wood preservatives.
Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace dietary mineral because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase. In molluscs and crustaceans, copper is a constituent of the blood pigment hemocyanin, replaced by the iron-complexed hemoglobin in fish and other vertebrates. In humans, copper is found mainly in the liver, muscle, and bone. The adult body contains between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight.
source :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
Why gold can we classification as metal ? Explain please.
BalasHapusAn attractive and highly valued metal, gold has been known for at least 5500 years. Gold is sometimes found free in nature but it is usually found in conjunction with silver, quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), lead, tellurium, zinc or copper. There is roughly 1 milligram of gold dissolved in every ton of seawater, although extracting it currently costs more than the gold is worth. It has been estimated that all of the gold that has currently been refined could be placed in a cube measuring 20 meters on a side.
HapusGold is the most malleable and ductile of all known metals. A single ounce of gold can be beaten into a sheet measuring roughly 5 meters on a side. Thin sheets of gold, known as gold leaf, are primarily used in arts and crafts for gilding. One sheet of gold leaf can be as thin as 0.000127 millimeters, or about 400 times thinner than a human hair.
Pure gold is soft and is usually alloyed with other metals, such as silver, copper, platinum or palladium, to increase its strength. Gold alloys are used to make jewelry, decorative items, dental fillings and coins. The amount of gold in an alloy is measured with a unit called a karat. One karat is equal to one part in twenty-four, so an 18 karat gold ring contains 18 parts pure gold and 6 parts alloy material.
Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity and does not tarnish when it is exposed to the air, so it can be used to make electrical connectors and printed circuit boards. Gold is also a good reflector of infrared radiation and can be used to help shield spacecraft and skyscrapers from the sun's heat. Gold coated mirrors can be used to make telescopes that are sensitive to infrared light.
What is the use of sodium in human life, explain
BalasHapusBlood Pressure
HapusSodium is dissolved in the blood and plays a key role in maintaining blood pressure. Sodium attracts and holds water, so the sodium in the blood helps maintain the liquid portion of the blood. On the other hand, if you consume too much sodium, your body may hold onto extra water, increasing the volume of your blood. Since your blood vessels cannot expand to accommodate this increased blood volume, your blood pressure will rise. High blood pressure is a risk factor for many diseases, including heart problems and stroke.
Muscle and Nerve Function
Both muscles and nerves require electrical currents to function properly. Muscle and nerve cells generate these electrical currents by controlling the flow of electrically charged molecules, including sodium. For muscle cells, these electrical currents stimulate contraction of the muscle. Nerves, on the other hand, need electrical activity to communicate with other nerves. Cells use molecular pumps to keep sodium levels outside the cell high. When an electrical current is needed, cells can allow the positively charged sodium ions into the cell, generating a positive electrical current.
Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
Since sodium is an integral part of nerve and muscle function, it is not surprising that too little or too much sodium in the body can affect both of these organ systems. Low levels of sodium, called hyponatremia, can cause muscle spasms, cramps, headache, irritability, restlessness, nausea and fatigue. More serious signs of hyponatremia include confusion, hallucinations, decreased consciousness and coma. Too much sodium, also known as hypernatremia, can make you lethargic or restless. Hypernatremia may also cause increased deep tendon reflexes, muscle spasticity and seizures.
Sodium Regulation
Your body regulates sodium levels carefully to prevent levels from getting too high or too low. The kidneys are responsible for controlling sodium concentrations and retain sodium when your levels are low and excrete sodium in the urine when levels are high. However, people with kidney problems may be more susceptible to dangerous changes in sodium levels due to kidney dysfunction. Your body can also lose sodium in the form of sweat. This means that people who sweat a lot, such as endurance athletes, are susceptible to hyponatremia during periods of increased physical activity.
Are hydrogen and halogen safe if inhaled by humans?
BalasHapusHelium gas (He) was first discovered in 1895 by the British genius Sir. William ramsey. According to Ramsey Helium gas is a noble gas which is the lightest element after hydrogen gas. Helium gas is claimed to be a friendly gas because it has distinctive properties such as odorless helium, colorless, tasteless and non-toxic. This gas is the second largest after hydrogen but safer.
HapusHelium gas since hundreds of years ago has been known as a gas that is not flammable, it's just that time hydrogen is better known as the most practical fuel. Hydrogen was once used in 1900 to carry hundreds of passengers with a balloon made by Count Ferdinand Von Zeppelin or now better known as Zeppelin. After trying it was not safe.
As a result of the use of hydrogen gas has been a lot of victims who died and burns because the blimps burst and burn quickly. Since the incident until this century helium gas that is still used for air balloon fuel because the nature of helium is lighter than air. Helium gas has been instrumental because of its many benefits to 21st century technology.
Helium gas has properties of nature that are not possessed by other gas elements such as having the lowest boiling point (reaching more than 15 kelvin) and lowest gas density, therefore it is safe to become a fuel balloon because it is not flammable.
Although helium gas is declared a safe element of gas but can also be very dangerous when it concerns the skin or inhaled by animals and humans. The hazards of such hazardous gases need to be watched, here are the following:
If helium is touched or about human skin, then the human body will experience numbness. If this is about to overdo it will end badly that can be faced with the problem of amputation.
Animal or human if inhaling excessive helium gas will cause heart shock and sudden death.
Humans who inadvertently breathe helium gas in small amounts will experience a tremendous headache, throat irritated, pain and muscle tension, causing the vocal cords that sound becomes high and small like the voice in the cartoon children.
Inhaling helium gas can block the flow of oxygen into the brain that causes the brain to run out of oxygen.
Inhaling helium gas causes the entry of gas bubbles and makes the lungs irritation, infection and poisoning. If this happens it can be ascertained that the lungs of the lungs will be severely damaged.
Actually in life, people consume 'table salt' to complete the sodium as a macro mineral in human body. Too many way to consume salt, one of them is mixed on food. Everybody know, in one day we cant consume a food without salt, and we need more salty taste. But, i think tht when we consume a food while have a salty taste, it has more than enough for our body. If the number of sodium in the body is over, it will make a bad effect. Like hipertens, and other. And oversodium is more dangerous than eat a piece of meat for hypertens. So where we can find the sodium beside table salt? And how the best step to cook without oversodium and enough for body? Thankyou
BalasHapusEach molecule of ordinary salt is composed of an atom of sodium (Na) joined to an atom of chloride (Cl); the chemical designation is NaCl. Because chloride is heavier than sodium, it contributes more to the weight of the molecule. But when it comes to health, it's the sodium that counts, whether it comes from table salt or from other sources, such as baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) or MSG (monosodium glutamate).
HapusBecause sodium is what matters, food labels list the content of sodium, not salt; it's expressed as milligrams (mg) of sodium. Most current dietary guidelines also specify milligrams of sodium, and it's the designation used by this and many other publications. But some nutritional information is still expressed in milligrams (mg) or grams (g) of salt. And to make things even more confusing, many research papers use another unit, millimoles (mmol).
Milligrams will do nicely for most of us; it's complex enough, especially if you're not used to the metric system. But if you encounter the other terminology, you can make your own conversions using these round numbers:
1,000 mg sodium = 1 g sodium
1 g sodium = 2.5 g salt
1 mmol sodium = 23 mg sodium
It is confusing, but it shouldn't shake your determination to keep track of the sodium in your diet.
For chemists, a salt is any molecule that forms when positively and negatively charged atoms bond with each other. But when the atoms are sodium and chloride, the compound takes the name salt all to itself. For physicians, sodium is the key element in salt. It's a crucial as well as controversial substance; perhaps that's why its name evolved from the Arabic suda, "a splitting headache."
Sodium is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, always bringing water along with it. It is the major mineral in plasma, the fluid component of blood, and in the fluids that bathe the body's cells. Without enough sodium, all these fluids would lose their water, causing dehydration, low blood pressure, and death.
Is it dangerous if i used steroid to my skin?
BalasHapusSteroids are also known to have negative repercussions for the liver which is the largest organ in the human body. The liver is responsible for the filtration of harmful toxins from the blood and it also acts a storage unit for certain important nutrients like vitamins and other minerals. It also manages the levels of chemicals like cholesterol, proteins, and sugars. Liver is also the production unit of the digestive juice ‘Bile’ which is extremely critical for the human body to effectively digest food intake.
HapusProlonged and unsupervised steroid use will likely cause irreparable damage to the liver and may also lead to cancerous growth in the liver. The liver finds it extremely strenuous to metabolize oral steroids which hamper its ability to clear waste products efficiently. Retention of waste material can lead to many other complications in the human body. Counterfeit steroids readily available in the market are known to carry various kinds of bacteria and viruses which adversely affect the functioning of the liver. Ailments like the Hepatocellular jaundice that can be identified by the yellowing of the eyes and skin are caused by an abnormally functioning liver, as the liver fails to effectively filter the toxins from the bloodstream.
Steroids are also known to have caused side effects that are visible on a user’s face. Research shows that steroid use leads to higher water retention in the user’s body causing them to develop a round face with puffy cheeks. Facial hair eruptions in females have also been reported. Bad breath is also a common side effect. The development of a husky voice in female users is quiet common. Acne formation on the face and throughout the body is one of the easily visible side effects caused by steroid use.
Steroids are known to cause eye damage as well. Corticosteroids are known to cause permanent eye damage to long-term users. Eye infections are being reported by users too. Complicated eye disorders like cataract and glaucoma are known fallouts of steroid use .
Steroids are also known to cause hair damage. Male pattern baldness has been observed in users of both sexes. Steroids facilitate the production of dihydrotestosterone or DHT that are responsible for causing hair follicles to weaken and shrink drastically. As a result, the follicles are able to produce only fine hair. Gradually, with sustained use of steroids the user is likely to experience permanent hair loss with decreasing hair follicles.